influenzae strains are found predominantly during exacerbations when the sputum becomes mucopurulent. (1993) Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae disease : epidemiology, pathogenesis and prospects for prevention. (1992) Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. influenzae is particularly prevalent in hosts with an underlying disease which affects the innate mucosal immune system, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis ( Murphy T.F. influenzae and accounts for 1-3% of all cases. Meningitis is sometimes caused by nontypeable H. (1989) Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in Greater Boston : a prospective, cohort study. and Greater Boston Otitis Media study Group. (1997) Nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in aboriginal infants with otitis media : prolonged carriage of P2 porin variants and evidence for horizontal P2 gene transfer. influenzae is responsible for between 27% and 37% of the first episode of otitis media by the age of 1 year ( Smith-Vaughan H.C., Sriprakash K.S., Mathews J.D. (1994) Nasopharyngeal colonisation with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and recurrent otitis media. influenzae is a frequent cause of acute otitis media and is commonly implicated in recurrent otitis media ( Harabuchi Y., Fadden H., Yamanaka N., Duffy L., Wolf J., Krystofik D. In fact, in infants and children, nontypeable H. These infections may become chronic or recurrent in patients with bronchitis or otitis. influenzae causes a variety of respiratory tract infections in children and adults including otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Spread to adjacent areas is usually a consequence of abnormalities in either non-specific or specific host defences. influenzae involves contiguous spread within the respiratory tract. The pathogenesis of disease due to nontypeable H. Colonisation with a particular strain may persist for weeks or months with most individuals by remaining asymptomatic throughout this period. (1989) Turn over of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the nasopharynges of healthy children. (1986) Epidemiology of colonisation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in children : a longitudinal study. A number of surveys of healthy individuals indicate colonisation rates between 40% to 80% among both children and adults ( Spinola S.M., Peacock J., Denny F.W., Smith D.L. influenzae strains commonly colonise the upper respiratory tract, including the nasopharynx and the posterior oropharynx.
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